A - Group 2 - Renaissance Project

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Group 2 - Renaissance Project

Chapter 1: The Renaissance in Italy
Check Point Questions:
1. What were the Main Characteristics of the Renaissance?
  • Creative minds set out to transform their own age
  • Latin was used for Church and scholarships
  • They explored the richness and variety of human experience
  • Society Placed a new emphasis on individual achievement
  • Supporting adventures, wide-ranging curiosity, exploring new worlds, re-examining old ones, navigating across Oceans, looking at the Universe in new ways, and writers/artists experimenting with new forms and techniques
  • Bringing back the classics to improve the current ways
2. Why was Italy a favorable setting for the Renaissance?
  • They were interested in ancient Rome and Italy started on Rome's capital. They were so into the old ways to improve themselves they thought why not start where the Roman's did.
3. How were Renaissance ideals reflected in the arts?
  • It was a time of creativity and writing so those with that talent, prevailed. Thus increasing in painting, sculpting, and writing
  • The Renaissance was about old traditions and that's what they did in the old times, they painted, sculpted, and wrote.
4. How did Renaissance writings express realism?
  • It helped people in realistic ways. If they wanted to do a job, a guide would help them along
  • It helped people keep their power or gain power, something many people wanted back then

Vocab:
  1. Humanism- A group of people who studied classical Greece and Roman culture to better understand their own times
  2. Humanitics- Grammar, rhetoric (Study of effective language), poetry, and history that was taught in ancient Greek and Roman schools
  3. Francesco Petrarch- A Florentine, in the 1300s, early Renaissance humanist, poet, and scholar. Assembled a Creek and Roman manuscript in Monasteries and churches. He encouraged Cicero, Homer, and Virgil to be known by Western Europeans
  4. Medici family of Florence- Rich merchants and bankers. Controllers of an Italian city-state. Had both political and economic leadership. Their interest in Art and emphasis on personal achievements helped shape the Italian Renaissance.
  5. Patron- Financial supporter of arts
  6. Perspective- Used as a realistic way of painting making things further away smaller on canvas.
  7. Leonardo da Vinci- 1452-1519, Endless curiosity that fed a genius inventor. He drew, painted, and disected corpses to find how bones and muscles work. He wasn't best at...
  8. Michelangelo Buonarroti- 1475-1564, Sculpor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet. Painted the Adam and God piece in the Sistine Chapel in Rome, which took him four years.
  9. Michelangelo Rapheal- 1483-1520, Artistic and sweet. Blended Christian and classical paint styles. Influenced Michelangelo and Leonardo.
  10. Baldassare Castiglione- Described the manners, skills, learning, and virtue a member of the court should have. Depicted what was the perfect man and woman at the time.
  11. Niccolo Machiavelli- Wrote a guid for rulers on how to gain and maintain power. Urged rulers to get what they wanted by any means necessary.

Chapter 2: The Renaissance in the North
Check Point Questions:
1. What was the impact of the printing press?
  • The printing press made books cheaper, reading more available, causing more people to learn to write
  • Exposed Europeans to be more educated and it started the printing revolution
2. What themes did Renaissance artists explore?
  • Many Renaissance artists took classic themes and used there own creativity to add a modern/new touch like Peter Paul Rubens
3. What Renaissance ideas did Shakespear adress?
  • Shakespear's work adressed the complexity of the individual and the importance of the classics

Vocab:
  1. Johann Gutenberg- Invented the printing press and printed the first Bible, starting the printing revolution. Printed books were cheaper , more people learned to read, and readers were exposed to education.
  2. Flanders- A region that includes parts of present day norther France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. This is where the Norther Renaissance began and from here it spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England.
  3. Albrecht Dürer- German painter one of the first Northern artists to be profoundly affected by Renaissance Italy. He was a pioneer in spreading Renaissance ideas to Norther Europe, but his own work influenced Italy.
  4. Engraring- When an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid so the artist can make prints. Dürer perfected this technique after studying in his father's workshop.
  5. Vernacular- Are the everyday languages of ordinary people. European Humanists and writers began writing in this instead of Latin to appeal to middle class audiences in towns and cities.
  6. Erasmus- A Dutch priest and humanist (born 1466) who produced a new Greek edition of the Bible. He helped spread Renaissance Humanism to a wider public, and called for reform in the Church.
  7. Thomas More- A friend of Erasmus and an English Humanist. Pressed for social reform also, but more describes Utopia.
  8. Utopian- An ideal society often with the implication that the society is impractical.
  9. Shakespeare- A poet and play writer who's genius is still played today. His works explore Renaissance ideals such as importance of classics, but his characters spoke a common language.

Chapter 3: The Protestant Reformation
Check Point Questions:
1. What factors set the stage for the Protestant Reformation?
  • Humanist ideas questioned the Church and looked for social reform
  • Worldly corruption in the Church caused many Christians to protest
2. How did Luther's teachings affect people and society in Northern Europe?
  • Luther's teachings caused many Christians to revolt against the Church and denounce the Popes authority.
3. How were Calvin's ideas put into practice?
  • Calvin's ideas were first published in his protestant living book in 1536. But his ideas were not put into action until the Swiss city-state of Geneva asked him to lead their community. People who visited Geneva then returned home to spread Calvin's ideas all around Europe.

Vocab:
  1. Indulgences- Something that was sold to the rich in order to speed their way through purgatory.
  2. Martin Luther- A German monk and professor of theology who triggered a full scale revolt against Church abuse of power.
  3. Wittenberg- Is where Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of the Church after seeing a man sell indulgences on the outskirts of Wittenberg.
  4. Charles V- The New Holy Roman Emperor. Charles summoned Luther to the diet to give up his views.
  5. Diet- Means "a day for a meeting". At the diet, Charles declared Luther an outlaw after he refused to give up his radical views against the Church.
  6. John Calvin- A preist and a lawyer born in France who published a book on how to run a protestant church.
  7. Predestination- In his book, Calvin shared many of Luther's ideas but set forth his own, one being predestination, the idea that god has already determined our fate.
  8. Geneva- A Swiss city-state that asked Calvin to lead their community.
  9. Theocracy: A government run by church leaders.

Chapter 4: Reform Ideas Spread
Check Point Questions:
1. Who were the Anabaptists?
  • Sects with radical ideas
  • Some were peaceful others were violent, supporting Christian religions by any means necessary.
2. Why was the Church of England established?
  • Henry wanted to divorce his marriage to Mary Tudor. The priest of the Church didn't want to insult Mary's nephew, The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
  • He had parliament pass a series of laws, which took the control from the Pope and placed it in Henry's rule.
3. What was the outcome of the Catholic Reformation?
  • There was a war.
  • In the end, Europe remained, and still remains, divided by differing interpretations of Christianity.
4. Why were Jews and other people persecuted?
  • They were all seen as anti-Christian because they had other beliefs or worked with the devil and thus killed.
  • Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance and persecuted radical sects, people suspected as witches, and Jews.
Vocab:
  1. Sects- Religious group that had broken away from an established Church.
  2. Henry VIII- Made the "Only Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England".
  3. Mary Tudor- Henry and Catherine of Aragon's only surviving child.
  4. Thomas Cranmer- Appointed archbishop of the new Church. Annulled the king's marriage.
  5. Elizabeth (The I)- Henry and Anne Boleyn's daughter.
  6. Canonized- Being recognized as a Saint.
  7. Compromise- Acceptable middle ground
  8. Council of Trent- The pope called it into order in 1545, led by an Italian cardinal, Carlo Borromeo. The council met off and on for 20 years. Bible was a large source of religion, to them, but not the only one. Tried to end abuses in the Church. Provided stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption among the clergy. Established schools for a better education that challenged Protestant teachings.
  9. Ignatius of Loyola- A Spanish knight raised in the crusading tradition.
  10. Teresa of Avila- A symbol of renewal. Constructed a order of Nuns because the convent she went to wasn't strict enough. Her nuns lived in isolation and slept and ate little dedicating themselves to prayer and meditation.
  11. Ghetto- A separate part of Venice reserved for Jews.

Chapter 5: The Scientific Revolution
Check Point Questions:
1. Why was Copernicus's theory seen as radical?
  • Because all scientific knowledge was based on arguments developed by classical thinkers. If they were wrong then everything they know to be true could be false.
2. How did Bacon and Descartes each approach the new scientific method?
  • Bacon stressed experimentation and observation in his approach where as Descartes emphasized human reasoning.
3. How did Newton use observations of nature to explain the movements of the planets?
  • He said that if the force of gravity pulls things on earth, (like the apple that fell from a tree) then why wouldn't the same force act on the planets also?

Vocab:
  1. Nicolaus Copernicus- Was the first to suggest that the sun was the center of our universe in his book The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1542.
  2. Heliocentric- Is a term that means the sun is the center of our universe.
  3. Tycho Brahe- Ovserved the night sky and the movement of heavenly bodies. Brahe provided the means to prove Copernicus' theory.
  4. Johannes Kepler- Was Brahe's assistant who took Brahe's data and mapped out the orbits of planets around the sun. This provided evidence to prove Copernicus' theory.
  5. Galileo- Observed the moons of Jupiter to move slowly around the planet, just like Copernicus' theory. He also observed to be covered in craters on the moons surface, making it an imperfect heavenly sphere which contradicts what the church commonly taught. Galileo was put under house arrest for his heresies.
  6. Francis Bacon- Helped create the new scientific method with Descartes. Bacon stressed experimentation and observation.
  7. Rene Descartes- Emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding.
  8. Scientific Method- Is a method of learning that requires careful observations and measurement of data for optimum understanding of knowledge.
  9. Hypothesis- A possible explanation.
  10. Robert Boyle- Explained that all matter is composed of tiny particles and distinguished between elements and chemical compounds. Boyle explained the effect of temperature and pressure on gas.
  11. Isaac Newton- By age 24 he formed a brilliant theory to explain why the planets moved as they did. The discovery of gravity and the laws of motion are just some of the breakthroughs in science we can thank Isaac Newton for.
  12. Gravity- The single force that keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun.
  13. Secular- Literally means "of this world". In the Scientific Revolution people began to think less about religion and explain things from a more scientific point of view.
  14. Calculus- a branch of mathematics partially developed by Isaac Newton.